Physical Principles & Mathematical Derivation
When dₒ < f, refracted rays exiting the lens diverge too strongly to cross on the right side. The human eye traces those diverging rays straight backward along dashed lines to perceive an enlarged, upright virtual image on the same side as the object.
Questions & Concepts
What physical equation governs Simple Magnifying Glass (Virtual Upright Image) Ray Simulator?
dₒ < f ⇒ dᵢ < 0 (Virtual), M = f / (f − dₒ) > +1 — When dₒ < f, refracted rays exiting the lens diverge too strongly to cross on the right side. The human eye traces those diverging rays straight backward along dashed lines to perceive an enlarged, upright virtual image on the same side as the object.
How are the equations of motion integrated in this simulation?
Nonlinear differential equations are integrated at 240–300 Hz substeps using classical 4th-order Runge-Kutta (RK4) to maintain strict Hamiltonian energy accuracy.